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ISSN 2309-0103 www.archidoct.net
Vol. 7 (2) / February 2020
gathering, to the human body, in applicability, in constructive rationale, in its structur- al and functional self-reinforcement and in its ecological disposal.
Contemporary technological developments increase the feasibility of IS which offer the types of immediacy mentioned in the example offer even temporally immediate adaptation.Robotic building, the Internet of Things, interactive environments, to arti- ficial intelligence, smart materials and a digitally driven circular economy, all can con- tribute to involve even activities of fabrication and construction within feedback loops at the speed of human intention. To design an IS is not the same as designing a specific part of the built environment, it is its meta-design in the sense that it takes traditional remote design methodology to an extreme where it paradoxically resembles a situa- tion before design, implementation and use were separated. IS take a special case in the discussion on Cyber-Physical Systems in architecture in that they do not exclude the human user, as designers, builders and inhabitants, but conceptualize them as es- sential and integral to the system.
2.2 Human-in-the-Loop Cyber-Physical Systems
IS can be conceived as Cyber-Physical Systems(CPS)(Lee, 2015)comprised of interact- ing digital, analogue, physical, and human components. A typical CPS contains feed- back loops between embedded computers and physical processes, where computers track and direct physical processes but not without being affected by them in turn. As a special type of Human-in-the-Loop Cyber-Physical Systems (HiLCPS)(Schirner et al., 2013), they include people and environments in a tight loop between human inten- tion and immediate adaptation.
The term cybernetic, derived from the Greek word for steersman(Wiener, 2009), pre- dates digital computers and stood for the field of control and communication theory, whether in the machine or the animal. A human constructing an igloo could be consid- ered a Human-Physical System in which the human takes a central role as helmsman who interacts with components of the environments, navigating the entirety of the system towards habitable configuration. With contemporary technologies that make a wide range of transformations between the realms of the digital and the physical readily available, e.g. Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) and robotic fabrication and construction, sensor-actuator networks, the Internet of Things, gesture detection and brain activity analysis, IS can be conceived as true cyber-physical systems even in the narrowest definition of the term.
2.3 Immediacy Effect
In behavioral psychology and economics, the term immediacy effect refers to the tendency of decision makers to amplify the significance of immediately experienced outcome relative to delayed outcomes. When confronted with intertemporal choices, with choices between two or more alternative outcomes expected to be realised at different points in time, experiments have shown that time discounting is not deter- mined by comparing present values discounted by a fixed discount rate. People tend to overweigh more immediate outcomes. In this sense, regarding human behavior, there are close interrelationships and a high level of similarity between risky decisions
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Immediate Systems. Human-In-The-Loop Cyber-Physical Systemsthat Embed Design and Implementation in Situations of Use
Christian Friedrich